(a) a severely fragmented higher educational ecosystem;
(b) less emphasis on the development of cognitive skills and learning outcomes;
(c) a rigid separation of disciplines, with early specialisation and streaming of students into narrow areas of study;
(d) limited access particularly in socio-economically disadvantaged areas, with few HEIs that teach in local languages
(e) limited teacher and institutional autonomy;
(f) inadequate mechanisms for merit-based career management and progression of faculty and institutional leaders;
(g) lesser emphasis on research at most universities and colleges, and lack of competitive peer-reviewed research funding across disciplines;
(h) suboptimal governance and leadership of HEIs;
(i) an ineffective regulatory system; and
(j) large affiliating universities resulting in low standards of undergraduate education.
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development Government of India
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